The Issue of Performance Measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Issue of Performance Measurement - Essay Example This paper tries to address the issue of estimation inside the setting of SWOT, PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis because of Jengo Limited. The paper further enlightens on how planning would profit Jengo Ltd’s in arranging and controlling its stock, enlistment, and money the board exercises. At long last, it zeroes on how a fair scorecard way to deal with estimating execution would profit this organization. SWOT investigation Broadly, SWOT examination is utilized to assess and help in venture definition and vital plans (Bohm 2008, p. 3). Much the same as Bohm takes note of, a SWOT examination ought to be utilized in mapping out an organization’s Strengths and Weaknesses of the items and benefits and evaluate the degree to which they are pair and how they might be improved. Past this, SWOT examination is utilized to think about the Opportunities and Threats uncovered by data collected for the most part through assessment of the outer condition and through s imilar investigations (Bohm 2008, p. 3, Habour 1997, p. 38). POSITIVE NEGATIVE INTERNAL Strengths 1. Monetarily solid with great overall revenues 2. A built up name among clients 3. Offers snappy current administrations 4. Starts Brand methodologies 5. Numerous circulation channels 6. offers dependable, stylish garments by an assortment of set up originators 7. Sound administration Weaknesses 1. Hardly any branches over the United Kingdom 2. Lack of common sense as far as staffing and preparing 3. Incorporation of tasks overall 4. Significant expenses 5. No item separation 6. Lack of common sense in planning and documentation EXTERNAL Opportunities 1. Developing Markets in different pieces of the United Kingdom and somewhere else 2. Various intrigued organizations to be investors including palisade Plc 3. Can utilize e-showcasing technique to additionally upgrade advertise base 4. Backing from Palisade Plc Threats 1. Hardened Competition from other garments business suppliers in the United Kingdom 2. Rivalry from comparable Business offering similar administrations at less expensive costs 3. Government Regulation â€business overregulated Porters Five Forces Analysis of Jengo This system was created by Michael Porter. The instrument basically empowers organizations to manage dynamic markets, measure serious ground and settle on choices with respect to entering objective markets effectively (Friedman 1999, p. 5, Hoffman 2001). Further, it empowers in recognizing accomplice just as suggestions that joint endeavors may present (Bradford and Duncan 1999). This is finished by assessing the accompanying five key regions as embraced by Porter: New Entrants: right now for Jengo, there appear to be numerous potential organizations that might need to wander into apparel, style, and structure business. Buyer’s Power: The purchasers that Jengo needs to appear to be strong. In any case, they appear to grumble about costs. Options ought to be given since they may m ove their unwaveringness. Substitute Products and Services: Certainly, there are options in contrast to what Jango does and this may welcome givers to look somewhere else. Intensity of Suppliers: The providers for Jengo are not many and this implies they decide an incredible arrangement particularly in system definition inside the organization. Current Competition: Competition exists as there are numerous organizations who offer similar items even at lower costs.

Automotive Fuels In The Domestic Market Of Australia †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Automotive Fuels In The Domestic Market Of Australia. Answer: Undertaking Goals The Australian storeroom gives gracefully of car powers in the residential market of Australia. The objective of this venture is to fix three tanks of the Australian site without influencing the typical activity related with the gracefully of the oil. The state of the tanks is basic and thusly, practically 30% of the companys unleaded petroleum stockpiling limit is verging on breakdown. The venture work is arranged so as to not end the ordinary activity of the tanks. The occupying time of the tanks is extraordinary and thusly, the undertaking works ought to be executed so that if tank 1 is occupying at once, the colleagues will use that opportunity to take a shot at Tank 2 and Tank 3. The undertaking progress will be estimated by appropriate oversight of the equivalent. The undertaking objectives are as per the following (Schwalbe 2015)- Fixing the three tanks; tank 1 needs 4 steel patches and 4 steel stays, tank 2 needs 7 steel patches and 4 steel grapples, while the third one needs 6 steel patches and 4 steel stays. Substitution of fundamental flexibly valve in tank 3 Cleaning and repainting all the tanks. Venture Scope Degree Statement The venture targets fixing the three tanks so as to forestall the breakdown of 30% of companys unleaded petroleum because of basic state of the tanks. The fixing works that are should have been performed on the tanks are distinguished and the task works is to be arranged so as to not hamper the typical activity of the tanks (Walker, 2015). Different spillages have been identified because of which there is an enormous effect on the earth and encompassing soil. Thusly, the fix works are to be finished as quickly as time permits. The Site is triangular fit as a fiddle and is on rise, which in this way requires crane for getting to it. Thusly, appropriate safeguards are expected to access and actualize the fix chips away at site. The venture extent of the undertaking is recognized in the wake of understanding the task necessities and the requirement for venture execution. Task degree is a vital piece of undertaking arranging and includes assurance and documentation of the venture objectives, expectations and the cutoff time of the task. The extent of the venture is in this way distinguished remembering every one of these focuses. Partners Involved The partners related with this venture are as per the following (Eskerod Vaagaasar, 2014)- Venture Manager-The task supervisor assumes a significant job in venture arranging and execution of an undertaking and has a high contribution and high significance in legitimate task usage (Kerzner, 2017). Western Australian Storage office It is a significant partner related with a venture as effective execution of the undertaking is important to forestall the exhaustion of the consumption of the 30% of the companys unleaded petroleum stockpiling limit in Western Australia. The income division of the Company-The income division of the organization is another partner related with the undertaking and has built up the business case for executing the fixing works for the fuel tanks so the harms in nature is diminished. The income division of the organization in spite of the fact that doesn't have a high impact in the venture, the partner has an expanding enthusiasm for the effective usage of the extend and thusly can be considered as a significant task partner (Eskerod Huemann, 2016). The Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) - It is another noteworthy partner of the task to be executed. The partner has a high enthusiasm for the task as the basic state of the tank is inferring an enormous scope negative impact on the earth. Consequently, this partner has a high enthusiasm for the venture. Undertaking Team individuals Project colleagues are significant partner of a venture also. The colleagues guarantee that the venture is actualized by the arrangement and assumes a tremendous job in effective task execution (Kerzner, 2017). The undertaking colleagues anyway have less impact in a task. Laborers and Workers and workers are basic partners of the task and are liable for all the fixing, cleaning and painting works. This partner has less effect on the undertaking. Key Deliverables The key expectations of the undertaking are as per the following- Fitting the steel fixes and steel grapples on all the three tanks. Supplanting the flexibly valve of the third tank Cleaning and repainting all the tanks on their outside surface. Acknowledgment Criteria The acknowledgment standards of the undertaking are as per the following (Lech, 2013)- The spillage in the tank is redressed The cleaning and repainting of the tank is appropriately performed The undertaking execution didn't hamper the typical activity of the tanks (Heagney, 2016) The undertaking is finished inside the set timetable of the venture with the designated assets. The Overall Process of the Project Task Process, Lifecycle and Methodology The task lifecycle comprises of four significant stages, venture inception, arranging, execution and undertaking conclusion. This undertaking will actualize a PRINCE2 approach or strategy for an arranged venture execution (Larson Gray, 2013). Legitimate arranging of the venture is basic as the undertaking is very perplexing and the time allotment is choked also. The PRINCE2 venture approach is picked for this undertaking as it is fundamental to actualize the equivalent in a controlled situation. PRINCE2 guarantees ideal arrangement of the assets with the goal that the undertaking can be executed in a set calendar (Saad, Dong Wan, 2015). This procedure boosts the productivity of the undertaking too. The various factors of the PRINCE2 venture technique incorporate costs, quality, dangers, extension and timescale of the undertaking. With the assistance of the PRINCE2 venture approach, it is conceivable to screen the practicality of an undertaking. It amplifies the productivity of the pr ocedure wherein the undertaking is actualized. High exactness of venture execution is required as one of the significant prerequisites of the undertaking is that the typical activity of the tanks ought not be hampered while actualizing the task. Since the venture will be following an arranged methodology, checking the undertaking will be much simpler. An undertaking director is required for the venture for observing the task progress. The administrator will report the task progress to the undertaking supervisor. A correspondence plan is to be produced for the task for appropriate data stream among the undertaking colleagues. Appropriate task management is vital for observing the venture progress and it is an undertaking control technique a well. Since the time taken for filling each tank is extraordinary, it is fundamental to compute and design the venture work in such a way, that it doesn't correspond with the occupying time of the tanks. Achievement Criteria The achievement models for the venture are as per the following (McLeod, Doolin MacDonell, 2012)- The venture is executed by the undertaking plan. The venture has experienced exhaustive oversight in its usage stage. The undertaking is actualized inside the set timetable. The spillage issue and its comparing dangers are moderated. The venture will be a triumph if breakdown of the 30% of the unleaded petroleum limit can be forestalled. Fruitful culmination of the undertaking is important to decrease the evil impacts of oil spillage in nature. References Eskerod, P., Huemann, M. 2016. Reexamine! Undertaking partner management.Project Management Institute. Eskerod, P., Vaagaasar, A. L. 2014. Partner the executives techniques and works on during an undertaking course.Project Management Journal,45(5), 71-85. Heagney, J. 2016. Essentials of task the executives. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Kerzner, H. 2017.Project administration measurements, KPIs, and dashboards: a manual for estimating and observing undertaking execution. John Wiley Sons. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. 2017. Undertaking the board: a frameworks way to deal with arranging, booking, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E. W., Gray, C. 2013.Project administration: The administrative procedure with MS venture. McGraw-Hill. Lech, P. 2013. Time, financial plan, and functionality?IT venture achievement rules revised.Information Systems Management,30(3), 263-275. McLeod, L., Doolin, B., MacDonell, S. G. 2012. A perspective?based comprehension of task success.Project Management Journal,43(5), 68-86. Saad, R. G., Dong, H., Wan, J. 2015. Components of undertaking chief success.Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management,10, 63-80. Schwalbe, K. 2015.Information innovation venture the board. Cengage Learning. Walker, A. 2015. Venture the executives in development. John Wiley Sons.

Blog Archive September 23 Write Like an Expert Northwestern Kellogg

Blog Archive September 23 Write Like an Expert Northwestern Kellogg On Thursday, September 23, join mbaMission as we break down each essay question for Northwestern Universitys Kellogg Graduate School of Management to help you create your own story, as part of Beat the GMATs Free Write Like an Expert Series. The schedule is as follows: 10:00 AM 10:30 AM PST: Breaking down Kelloggs essay topics Briefly assess your career progress to date. Elaborate on your future career plans and your motivation for pursuing an MBA. (600-word limit) Describe your key leadership experiences and evaluate what leadership areas you hope to develop through your MBA experiences (600-word limit). Assume you are evaluating your application from the perspective of a student member of the Kellogg Admissions Committee. Why would you and your peers select you for admission, and what impact would you make as a member of the Kellogg community? (600-word limit). Complete one of the following three questions or statements. (400-word limit) Reapplicants have the option to answer a question from this grouping, but this is not required. Describe an instance where you encountered resistance in a professional team setting. How did you address the situation? People may be surprised to learn that I… The best mistake I ever made was 10:30 AM 11:00 AM PST: QA To register for this session, visit Beat the GMAT. Share ThisTweet mbaMission Events Northwestern University (Kellogg)

Imperialism And Its Impact On The Domestic Institutions Of...

Imperialism, when one country dominates another for its own benefit, is an expansion policy that has reigned for centuries. Over time, imperialism has drastically changed in its magnitude and severity. At the turn of the nineteenth century, a â€Å"new,† more aggressive and competitive form of imperialism emerged and completely dismantled the domestic institutions of various developing countries. Africa in the nineteenth century is a prime example of the â€Å"new† imperialism in effect. How was Africa affected by imperialism? Who imperialized Africa? What caused African imperialism? How did the international environment affect the domestic institutions of Africa? Imperialism drastically changed the political, economic, social, and cultural landscape of Africa indefinitely. Europeans built various forms of infrastructure and implemented several technological advancements in Africa in order to expand the economy. Additionally, many Africans lost their sense of self ident ity as a result of the Western culture that the Europeans imposed upon them. Lastly, Africans lost control of their lands and their independence due to European imperialism. There are three main reasons why the Europeans imperialized Africa: 1) political competition, 2) cultural motives, and 3) economic interests. Numerous historians have tactically labeled the two different time periods when imperialism occurred with the terms â€Å"old† and â€Å"new.† Historians created these labels because at the turn of the nineteenthShow MoreRelatedPolitical And Economic Colonialism Legacy948 Words   |  4 Pagescontinents across oceans. Since then, European countries conquered large extensions of lands and established trading systems for developing their empires and colonizing this new world. By the 19th century, the scramble for Africa, led by western imperialism, caused 90 percent of Africa continent was under European control (Baker, 2014). When those European countries we re benefited from colonialism, the colonies were experienced a suffering era by over exploitation. The famous triangular trade, a tradingRead MoreBy Outlining the Current Global Political Economy, Discuss to What Extent the Current Global Political Economy Undermines National Development in the South.4509 Words   |  19 PagesAND DEFINITION OF TERMS 03 INTRODUCTION 04 HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION 05 †¢ THE CURRENT GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY 06 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE NATIONAL DEVELOPEMENT IN THE SOUTH 07 †¢ IMPERIALISM AND GLOBALIZATION 08 †¢ SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACT 07 †¢ POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL IMPACT 07 CONCLUSION 09 BIBLIOGRAPHY 10 EXPLANATION AND DEFINITION OF TERMS Political Economy Read MoreImperialism, Imperial Policies and Global/ Regional Status Quo and Its Development Response After Terrorist Attacks of 9/113668 Words   |  15 Pagesquo in areas such as North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. According to Morgenthau, domestic and international politics have three standard patterns of policies. A policy that seeks to keep and maintain power- which is referred to as status quo, a policy to increase power- which is referred to as imperialism, and a policy to demonstrate power- also referred to as a policy of prestige. In this essay, focus will be on the two policies of ‘status quo’ and ‘imperialism’. A nation that is seekingRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership1549 Words   |  7 Pagesto consumers. International trades increases the amount of goods that domestic consumers can choose from, which is why many nations apply tariffs. Tariffs are used for protecting domestic employment, protecting consumers, infant industries, national security and retaliation. The benefits of tariffs are uneven. Since a tariff is a tax, the government will see increase revenue as imports enter the domestic market (Velk, T). Domestic industries also benefit from a reduction in competition, since importRead MoreThe Principles Of Debt Alleviation, Fair Trade Policies, And Economic Inequality1734 Words   |  7 PagesIn terms of world impact, no ideology has irreparably shaped the course of history like neoliberalism. Its core tenets of free markets would inform the policies imposed on developing nations. The assumption among particularly Western nations would be that developing nations would need to advance to become modern capitalistic societies just like them. However, the efforts to reach that ideal would lead to more harm than good. Neoliberalism has resulted in heavy debt for developing nations, unequitableRead MoreComparison Of Old World Imperialism And Globalization2577 Words   |  11 PagesWhat does a comparison of old-world Imperialism and Globalization reveal about the two systems? â€Å"In Globalization 1.0, which began around 1492, the world went from size large to size medium. In Globalization 2.0, 1800-2000, the era that introduced us to multinational companies, it went from size medium to size small. And then around 2000 came Globalization 3.0, in which the world went from being small to tiny.† This quote by Friedman reflects the widely held view- that contemporary globalizationRead MoreThe Trans Atlantic Slave Trade2824 Words   |  12 Pagesfor independence, Africa was exploited as a continent. The natural as well as the human resources were taken with no returns. This great pillage led to a complete halt of trade in Africa. Trade implies an exchange, yet the human resources were taken as slaves and the former colonial masters took the natural and mineral resources without the consent of Africans through imperialism. By the 1950s, several trade agreements were made to address the results of the pillage of Africa. Two Yaoundà © agreementsRead More New Economic Imperialism Essay example4919 Words   |  20 PagesNew Economic Imperialism Those in power define national interests as the preservation of the existing set of economic, social, and political relationships. Therefore, the national interest of the supranational capitalist society is the interests of the upper class, allied throughout the globe. The United States capitalist class has proposed to preserve and extend U.S. capitalism by a policy of empire building to satisfy the need for large export markets that could supply cheap inputsRead More Ronald Takakis Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America1674 Words   |  7 Pagesrace to leprosy. Rush stressed the avoidance of interracial relations due to the infectious nature of the disease, but added that medicine enabled an eventual cure: The Negros skin could thus be restored to its healthy whiteness. Takaki notes the impact of Dr. Rushs paper, stating that, Ever since theseventeenth century, a need to explain the Negros black skin had existed in white America. With Rushs explanation ca me social acceptance of the unnatural, inferior color and necessary separationRead MoreThe West African Nation of Ghana2488 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"This mid-twentieth century is Africa’s. This decade is the decade of African independence. Forward then, to independence. To independence now. Tomorrow, the united states of Africa.† It was with these words that Kwame Nkrumah concluded his speech at the opening ceremony of the All-African People’s conference in 1958. It was one of the first Pan-African congresses to be held in the continent, in an independent African nation and with a number of African freedom fighters-an achievement that Nkrumah

Proposed Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Any member of Congress or state legislature can propose amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Since 1787, more than 10,000 amendments have been proposed. These proposals range from banning the desecration of the American flag to balancing the  federal budget to altering the Electoral College. Key Takeaways: ​Proposed Amendments Since 1787, more than 10,000 constitutional amendments have been proposed by members of Congress and state legislatures.  Most proposed amendments are never ratified.  Some of the most commonly proposed amendments relate to the federal budget, the freedom of speech, and congressional term limits.   The Amendment Proposal Process Members of Congress propose an average of nearly 40 constitutional amendments every year.  However, most amendments  are never ratified or even passed by the House or Senate. In fact, the Constitution has been amended only 27 times in history. The last time a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified was 1992 when the 27th Amendment preventing Congress from giving itself immediate pay raises was cleared by the states. The process of amending the Constitution in this particular case took more than two centuries, illustrating the difficulty and reluctance among elected officials and the public to changing a document that is so revered and cherished. For an amendment to be considered, it must receive  a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate or be called for at a constitutional convention voted on by two-thirds of state legislatures. Once an amendment is  proposed, it must be ratified by at least three-fourths of the states to be added to the constitution. Many proposed amendments to the U.S. Constitution failed to catch on, even those that appeared to have the support of the most powerful elected official in the land: the president of the United States. President Donald Trump, for example, has expressed support for both a constitutional ban on flag-burning and on  term limits for members of the House and Senate. (The Founding Fathers rejected the idea of imposing term limits when writing the U.S. Constitution.) Commonly Proposed Constitutional Amendments The overwhelming majority of proposed constitutional amendments deal with the same few topics:  the federal budget, freedom of speech, and term limits. However, none of the following amendments have gained much traction in Congress. Balanced Budget Among the most contentious proposed amendments to the U.S. Constitution is the balanced-budget amendment. The idea of  preventing the federal government from spending more than it generates in revenue from taxes in any fiscal year has drawn support from some conservatives. Most notably, it won backing from President Ronald Reagan, who vowed in 1982 to do all he could to get Congress to pass the amendment. Speaking in the Rose Garden of the White House in July 1982, Reagan said: We must not, and we will not, permit prospects for lasting economic recovery to be buried beneath an endless tide of red ink. Americans understand that the discipline of a balanced-budget amendment is essential to stop squandering and overtaxing. And theyre saying the time to pass the amendment is now. The balanced-budget amendment is the single most commonly  proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of legislation. Over the course of two decades, members of the House and Senate introduced 134 such proposed amendments —  none of which went beyond Congress.   Flag-Burning In 1989, President George H.W. Bush  announced his support for a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would have banned the desecration of the American flag. However,  the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the  First Amendment  guarantee of  freedom of speech  protected the activity. Said Bush: I believe that the flag of the United States should never be the object of desecration. Protection of the flag, a unique national symbol, will in no way limit the opportunity nor the breadth of protest available in the exercise of free speech rights. ...  Flag burning is wrong. As President, I will uphold our precious right to dissent, but burning the flag goes too far and I want to see that matter remedied. Term Limits The Founding Fathers rejected the idea of congressional term limits. Supporters of a congressional term limit amendment argue that it will limit the possibility of corruption and bring fresh ideas into the Capitol. On the other hand, critics of the idea argue that there is value in the  experience gained when congressional leaders serve multiple terms.  Ã‚   Other Examples of Proposed Amendments The following are some other recently proposed amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Repealing the 16th Amendment. The 16th amendment created the income tax in 1913. Representative Steve King of Iowa proposed repealing this amendment in order to eliminate the income tax and ultimately replace it with a different tax system.  Rep. King stated: â€Å"The federal government has the first lien on all productivity in America. Ronald Reagan once said, ‘What  you tax you get less of.’ Right now we tax all productivity. We need to turn that completely around and put the tax on consumption. That is why we need to repeal the 16th Amendment which authorizes the income tax. Replacing the current income tax with a consumption tax will ensure that productivity is not punished in our country, but rewarded.†Requiring a two-thirds vote from each house  of Congress to increase the statutory limit on the public debt, from Rep. Randy Neugebauer of Texas.  The United States debt ceiling is the maximum amount of money that the federal government is allowed to b orrow to meet its existing legal financial obligations, including Social Security and Medicare benefits, military salaries, interest on the national debt, tax refunds, and other payments. The U.S. Congress sets the debt limit and only Congress can raise it.Stating that the Constitution neither prohibits voluntary prayer nor requires prayer in schools, from Rep. Nick J. Rahall II of West Virginia. The proposed amendment states that the constitution will not be construed to prohibit voluntary prayer or require prayer in school.  Overturning Citizens United, the U.S. Supreme Court decision that the federal government cannot limit corporations from spending money to influence the outcome of elections, from Rep. Theodore Deutch of Florida.  Limit the power of Congress to impose a tax on a failure to purchase goods or services, from Rep. Steven  Palazzo of Mississippi. This proposed amendment seeks to undo the federal mandate that Americans carry health insurance, as spelled out by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act signed by President Barack Obama.  Ending the practice of including more than one subject in a single law by requiring that each law enacted by Congress be limited to only one subject and that the subject be clearly and descriptively expressed in the title of the law, from Rep. Tom Marino of Pennsylvania.Giving  states the right to repeal federal laws and regulations when ratified by the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, from Rep. Rob Bishop of Utah. Bishop argues that this proposed amendment would add an additional system of checks and balances between state and federal governments. The founding fathers crafted the Constitution to include the concept of checks and balances. Sources DeSilver, Drew. Proposed Amendments To The U.S. Constitution Seldom Go Anywhere. Pew Research Center, 2018.Frank, Steve. The Top 10 Amendments That Havent Made It (Yet).  National Constitution Center, 2010.Amending America: Proposed Amendments to the United States Constitution, 1787 to 2014:  National Archives

Women s Right And Racial Inequality Essay - 1885 Words

Argument Essay When looking back to several decades ago in comparison to now, it is quite obvious how far America has come in certain areas and issues. Two of the major areas of change that have occurred here in America pertain to the issues related to women’s right and racial inequality. In modern times, the women here in America have copious rights and privileges due to the passing of laws and acts. In addition, African American citizens now have rights equal to white people due to the Civil Rights Act and the impact of certain leaders. While our country has made significant progress in these areas, there are still inequalities present in our nation that could use attention. There are ways to overcome these issues and inequalities, but it takes the care and consideration of those willing to help make a change. Women’s rights have come a long way in America. The major changes for women over generations have been primarily in family life, employment, education, and gove rnment. Before the passing of the 19th amendment, women did not have the equal right to vote like men did. Even after women were granted the right to vote, they did not suddenly elevate to the same level as men. They still had fewer rights and different expectations in comparison to men at the time. and Women had no legal identity and were unable to own any land or property and they were expected to stay home and tend to cooking, cleaning, and the caretaking of the children. Women were not allowed to workShow MoreRelatedRacial Inequality And Gender Inequality889 Words   |  4 PagesIn today s world discrimination is a racial inequality when it come to different races in the United states. Discrimination has been around for years and have created a social inequality , economic crises and have lowered individuals into a group known as the â€Å" racial minorities â€Å".Racial minorities can be classified as older people , women , immigrants and young men and women. Women from th e early 1600’s to today s women have been discriminated against for years. Women have never had the sameRead MoreWhy Race and Gender Inequality Still Exist1101 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies ago, but inequalities between gender and race continue to exist. To analyze why gender and racial inequalities prevail, human capital theory and functionalism take into account cultural, historical, and economic factors. In my opinion, the human capital theory presents a more persuasive reason. Although race and gender inequalities in the United States have diminished in the past few centuries, many aspects of these inequalities still persist today. Race and gender inequalities are covert, andRead MoreFeminism And The Third Wave Of Feminism1212 Words   |  5 Pagessomething completely different than what it did in the days of women s suffrage. No longer is feminism working on allowing women just to vote. It focuses on intersectionality, gender norms, women s reproductive rights, and so much more. We are in the third wave of feminism. In 2017 most millennials identify with third wave feminism or a variant of the movement and strive to abolish gender roles, patriarchy, and fight for women s rights and equality. Our distinct personal experiences and social locationRead MoreRacial Segregation And Popular Culture1676 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneralizations and disturbing portrayals of members in a racial group contribute to the justification of unequal treatment in various syste ms that impact people in the society negatively. Racial biases exist unconsciously in our attitudes. This leads to actions that are negatively interpreted in our cultures and diffuse in the media, which in turn, form prejudice and discrimination that structure systems to target minority groups. The two most frequent racial stereotypes in cultural and social agendas areRead MoreA Jewish Man And A Christian Man Walk Into A Bar The Bartender1492 Words   |  6 Pagescan not cross this line. Discrimination is something that needs to be addressed because of sexism, racial inequality, and religious differences. Muslims, African-Americans, and Hispanics; what do they all have in common you ask, they are the top most discriminated people in America. People should not be judged off of what somebody of their race has done once upon a time. America gives people the right to freedom of religion even so people still choose to disobey it, some people around the world arenRead MoreRacial Segregat ion And Racial Discrimination1645 Words   |  7 Pageshistory of racial segregation created a clear view of how most racial minorities have been treated throughout history and views and differences amount racial majority. This paper primarily focus will be the treatment or experience racial minority faced throughout this historical revolution. African American are not the only racial minority who has been treated inequality or racial oppression, Chinese American and Native American but African American illustrates a direct view of racial inequality throughoutRead MoreRace And Health Inequality In America. . Racial Discrimination1580 Words   |  7 PagesRace and Health Inequality in America Racial discrimination by doctors According to Golash-Boza (2016), the systemic racism or the accumulated disadvantages for non-whites are also reflected in in the areas of health and environment. Golash-Boza (2016) argues that racial inequalities diminish not only he opportunities for non-whites but also â€Å"our time on earth†. This can have an effect on the health and life expectancy. It is interesting to look at why blacks have a lower life expectancy thanRead MoreThe Social Philosophies On The Race Theory And Feminism Approaches1316 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice, and examples of injustice. The Race theory is viewed as a self-conscious way of thinking. It is referred to as ideas of human differences beginning from ancient times to today. Racism is made up of practices and commitments deriving from racial hierarchies. However, the thought is that where there is a race, racism follows and vise versa, therefore, consequences adheres to this notion. The definitional of racism is results from the idea of what is done to races in social term, certain racesRead MoreRacial Segregation Of The United States1508 Words   |  7 PagesWe have issues. More specifically the United States has issues, continuous and all encompassing issues of racial inequality.The United States is experiencing a outburst of racism, as can be seen from the 2014 killings of two unarmed African-American men, to the brutality of white supremacy in Charleston and the string of arsons in black churches across the South. Of course, it’s nothing new for a nation with a long history of extreme racist vio lence—the most recent lynching-related death occurredRead MoreExplication Of The s Story Presentation, A Fellow Classmate Of Mine Claimed That Invisible 1701 Words   |  7 PagesInvisible was extremely influenced by outside forces such as racial etiquette. The â€Å"racial etiquette governed the actions, manners, attitudes, and words† of Invisible because of his skine color (Davis 1). As Ronald davis wrote in his essay Racial Etiquette, the expectation was that â€Å"black Americans [conducted] themselves according to well-understood rituals of behaviour† and racial customs. Invisible clearly followed the rules of racial etiquette. Invisible is not an existinsist when he follows social

Process Safety in Oil and Gas Operations free essay sample

Process safety management system (PSM) has received greater attention in the oil and gas industry because of the major memorable accidents that have occurred within the industry and the severity of their impacts on stakeholders. The Bhopal gas tragedy which occurred in December 1984 from the release of methyl Isocyanates (MIC) where over two thousand people died and the Flixborough disaster which also happened on 1974 where about twenty eight workers were killed and thirty six workers suffered from serious injuries alerted the essence of PSM in the operations of not only oil and gas activities but in other process industries (Hackitt 2010). The application of PSM has been steered by organizations like the American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Center for Process Safety, as a management system to manage hazardous processes. PSM is a proactive approach which seeks to identify and manage hazards, risks and safety during operational activities in order to prevent process and equipment failure, major injuries and fatalities (Harry 2003). It is aimed at developing plants and processes to prevent the release of highly hazardous chemicals (HHC) during operations which could lead to dangerous effects, fires and explosions (Bureau Veritas 2010). PSM addresses matters that relates to operability, stability and quality of processes and its merit goes beyond prevention of accidents to increase productivity, quality improvement, waste and cost reduction (Cockburn 2011). The mention of major accidents within the oil and gas industry brings one question to mind- what went wrong? And in response, it is obvious that their occurrences are connected to issues concerning PSM systems. This article discusses process safety management in oil and gas operations: the past, present and future directions. Referrals to major accidents would be made to exhibit the trend of process safety in oil and gas operations. 2. 0Process Safety Management in Past Operations of Oil and Gas Companies The oil and gas industry has experienced numerous catastrophic events which their occurrences could have been prevented. A greater percentage of accidents that occur during operations are process related accidents of which their extreme impact has led to the drains of financial resources and reputation of most oil and gas companies. A typical example cited is the Piper Alpha disaster in 1984 and the explosion at British Petroleum (BP) Texas Refinery in 2005. 2. 1Oil and Gas Companies Mistook Process Safety for Personal Safety Most oil and gas companies concentrated largely on personal safety than process safety and for this reason; mistakenly perceived that records of no loss time injury, no recordable injury frequency were indicators of standard process safety performance (Baker et al 2007). Hackitt (1993) comments that the insufficiency measurement of process safety led to the believe that rarely do new accidents occur however accidents are repeatedly happening because people leave the company and take the knowledge about process safety with them. From this, it could be deduced that the knowledge about process safety was lacking within the industry. Again, oil and gas companies perceived safety to be concerned with personal safety but not related to their processes. This could be that they relied much on information system manufacturers’ provided about their systems and for that matter failed to provide additional safety in their systems and processes. 2. 2Poor Process Safety Culture and Unsafe Work Practices A typical example can be cited from the events surrounding the Piper Alpha disaster where a relief valve in the pump was removed for maintenance and a blank was loosely installed as a replacement of the relief valve on the piping flange (CCPS 2005). In addition, the culture of ignoring near misses and incidents as not having the potential to cause harm is what can be said of process safety in previous operations of oil and gas companies (Pate-Cornell 1991). Also, due to poor process safety culture, BP didn’t have a process safety audit system which could have revealed all the inherent hazards and risk associated with their operations and for this matter the accident at the Texas City refinery happened (Baker et al 2007). It is obvious that the poor process safety culture made management and operators in the oil and gas sector to under estimate the role process failure could lead to accidents. Again, USW (2007) reports that most Oil and Gas refineries in the United States practice bad process safety systems where most refineries used atmospheric vents on their process units which accounted to the release of untreated flammable and dangerous substances. It continues to report that work tool trailers were located closely to process nits thereby exposing them to dangerous conditions and also permitted unqualified workers to work in risky areas during operations. Moreover, plants were modified without thorough risk assessments, failure to conduct pressure test after installing new pipework at Flixborough (Hackitt 2010) was another poor process safety practice. This poor process safety practice was the root cause of the explosion. It can be said that the poor practices of process safety was due to unawareness that processes could go wrong. 2. 3Complex Processes and Plants Design According to Hopkins (2007) the complexity of processes and plants design caused process related accidents to happen. Hackitt (2006) consents that process control and safeguarding equipment have also become complex thereby increasing the risk involved in their operations. It can be argued to an extent that the complexity and design of plants and systems have been established for safety reasons and with its material safety data sheet (MSDS) the level of risk may reduce. Again, the complexity of the processes was handed by workers who didn’t have adequate knowledge and expertise on process safety. Apart from this, misconceptions that redundancies are meant for safety purposes and for that matter the possibility of accident happening is rare demonstrates how process safety was taken for granted in past operations of oil and gas companies. For example, in the Piper Alpha disaster, it was believed that automatic shut down and alarm systems were enough to prevent the accident (Pate-Cornell 1991). 2. 4 Non- compliance of Process Safety Guidelines and Regulations Oil and gas companies operating in the downstream did not comply with process safety guidelines and regulations . Occupational health and safety administration’s (OSHA) standards on hazardous waste operation and emergency response and PSM of highly hazardous chemicals; and Environmental Protection Agency’s Risk Management Programs were overlooked. These regulations provide refineries to undertake effective PSM in all their operations so as to reduce accidents (USW 2007). It could be explained that most companies where seeking to maximize profits at the expense of protecting their equipment and processes; they were pursuing cost cutting strategy as they perceived process safety to be costly and technical to deal with (Baker et al 2007). However, the existence of these regulations were not enough to ensure their compliance, there were no regular monitoring systems in place to check those operations which violated the regulations. It is believed that if the guidelines and regulations were strictly enforced with effective monitoring systems then most oil and gas refineries would have no reason not to comply by them. The challenge is that such regulations and guidelines are not to be legally enforced as they are voluntary policies. The Current State of Process Safety Management in Oil and Gas Operations There has been a radical shift towards the intensification of process safety within oil and gas activities by way of correcting past mistakes and changing the old ways of doing things. PSM has gained holistic attention which is integrated into offshore and onshore activities. 3. 1Intensification of Process Safety Management System in Oil and Gas Operations Personal safety performance is not considered to be process safety performance. Process safety is now given a different attention. Thus, PSM is integrated in oil and gas operations in addition to personal safety. To improve the current state of process safety performance, inherent safety management system has been integrated into PSM. This however presents its own challenge. Oil and gas companies are developing different strategies to improve process safety in their operations. For example, Process safety in Royal Dutch Shell is centered towards design integrity, asset integrity, operating integrity, technical integrity and leadership integrity where it continually monitors its process safety performance in its operations. The current state of process safety in the operations of oil and gas companies is evident by current level of process safety leadership demonstrated by top management of oil and gas companies. The need for leadership commitment in PSM has been addressed within the industry. Most chief executive officers and top managers have been trained about the importance of PSM and how to manage process safety at all levels of the organisation (Hackitt 2010). It is believed that this will avoid making poorly informed decisions which in effect will avoid the occurrences of unforeseen disasters. For example, management of BP provide effective leadership through the establishment of desirable goals and infusing into the mindset of its workforce that process accidents is not tolerable in the organization and through the continually communication with line managers, supervisors and staff process safety awareness has deepened (Baker Panel 2007). It can be questioned that how then did the Macondo blow out in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 occur if BP has improved its process safety leadership and commitments? Process safety leadership and commitment is a challenge which is currently facing the industry. In addition, the key programme three (KP3) review indicates that the role of leadership in integrity management have been developed within the industry and has led to include asset integrity in its key performance indicators of which in effect improves the quality of information on process safety not only to top managers but employees as well (HSE 2009). Not only has process safety leadership improved but the commitments demonstrated by oil and gas companies have contributed to improve PSM system through investments in process safety. For instance, in 2006, Shell invested $6 billion to improve process safety in its upstream facilities and in 2010 invested $1 billion to improve safety and reliability of its refinery, chemical plants and distribution facilities (Shell n. d). 3. 4Process Hazards Identification Techniques Again, process risk assessment through the application of process hazards identification tools have been integrated comprehensively into oil and gas activities. The focus on process hazards identification techniques have been intensified through the application of layer of protection analysis (LOPA), hazard identification (HAZID), hazards and operability (HAZOP) and fault tree analysis (FTA). These techniques are continually modified to identify and assess all risk associated with processes, plants and systems (NPRA 2010). It can be said that these techniques have helped to identify and manage risks, near-misses and incidents which could have led to repeat major catastrophe. This does not imply accidents are not happening within the industry but it can be said that these techniques are used to reduce the likelihood and severity of dangerous occurrences; nevertheless they have their own limitations. 3. 5Process Safety Culture and Practice In addition, there has been the call for process safety culture by all stakeholders involved in oil and gas operations. The results of safety culture surveys are communicated to all stakeholders and there has been a constant review of process safety policies and practices. The approach to effective PSM systems has moved from compliance to a state where process safety is owned by management and employees. The KP3 survey reports that safety culture has improved within offshore activities. This has been enhanced due to current industry guidance on NRB policies ‘not required back’ of which continues to be a major policy which is expected to be implemented worldwide (HSE 2009). The impact of technical competence and training of employees to improve process safety culture have not been underestimated. Operating essential training and core technical training are periodically provided to employees to increase their awareness on process safety (Oxley 2010). In United Kingdom, minimum industry safety training (MIST) has been provided for most offshore employees to improve upstream safety (Oil and Gas 2009). 4. 0Future Direction of Process Safety Management in Oil and Gas Operations The way forward for PSM in the oil and gas sector will depend on process safety leadership (despite the fact that process safety leadership has improved) and how PSM will be prioritised in corporate agenda. Process safety leadership will be driven by core values of oil and gas companies where safety design and engineering would be integrated into companies’ policies and strategies (Hackitt 2010). Demonstration of leadership commitment through the allocation of resources to improve assets integrity and the constant monitoring of operations is the bedrock for process safety in the future (Chevron 2006). It can be said that the focus on performance indicators in oil and gas operations will also provide feedback to management about process safety performance. Oxley (2010) consents that performance indicators like risk matrix and process safety events will be useful in oil and gas operations. Leadership in PSM will be enhanced with the awareness that profit is closely related to the integrity of processes and systems and where there is a continuous learning curve in the organisation (Hackitt 2010). Not only learning from incidence and near misses or fatal injuries but also sharing information and learning about the best industry practices on process safety and how these practices can be improved continually. The journey to PSM will also depend on Technology and Innovations within the industry. It is believed that new technologies and inventions will help improve PSM in oil and gas operations. New technologies will find solutions to current challenges pertaining to process safety (Hackitt 2010). 5. 0Conclusion The oil and gas industry has suffered numerous major accidents which could have been prevented if PSM systems were holistically integrated into their operations. The occurrences of memorable disasters like Flixborough disaster, Bhopal gas tragedy, Piper Alpha disaster, BP Texas City refinery explosion, Macondo blowout have alerted the industry to modify its safety management system hence the need to pay significant attention to PSM systems to prevent the occurrences of similar disasters. PSM systems in recent operations of oil and gas companies have been modified and improved, however, still seeks for continuous improvements for better sustainability of energy resources. It may be recommended that attention on process safety should not discontinue the importance of personal safety in the industry.